Research Pinpoints Weakness in Lung Cancer’s Defenses

At a glance:

• Researchers discovered the importance of an enzyme that promotes growth of certain lung cancers.
• The enzyme, GUK1, supports metabolism in cancer cells to help tumors grow.
• In the future, GUK1 could become a possible target for lung cancer therapies.

Lung cancer is a particularly challenging form of cancer. It often strikes unexpectedly and aggressively with little warning, and it can shapeshift in unpredictable ways to evade treatment.

While researchers have gleaned important insights into the basic biology of lung cancer, some of the disease’s molecular maneuvers have remained elusive.

Now, a team led by scientists at Harvard Medical School has made strides in understanding how a genetic flaw in some lung cancers alters cancer cell metabolism to fuel the disease.  

Working with mouse models and human cancer cells, the researchers identified a metabolic enzyme called GUK1 in lung cancers harboring an alteration in the ALK gene. Their experiments showed that GUK1 plays an important role in boosting metabolism in tumor cells to help them grow.

The findings, reported Feb. 6 in Cell and supported in part by federal funding, provide a clearer picture of how metabolism works in lung cancer.  

The research could set the stage for developing therapies that target GUK1 to curb cancer growth, the team said.

Lung cancer: A formidable foe

As a thoracic oncologist at Massachusetts General Hospital, co-first author Jaime Schneider regularly treats patients with lung cancer, and sees firsthand how aggressive and persistent the disease can be.

“A huge percentage of patients I see in the clinic do well for some period of time on the currently available therapies, but eventually relapse,” said Schneider, who is also an instructor of medicine in cell biology at HMS.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States and worldwide, and, Schneider noted, cases are increasing among never-smokers and former light smokers for reasons that remain poorly understood. 

Schneider’s patients — many of whom donated tumor samples for the study — inspired her to learn more about the molecular underpinnings of the disease.

“We need to be thinking outside the box to gain a better understanding of disease biology in lung cancer, and to identify new therapeutic targets,” she said.

Schneider joined the lab of senior author Marcia Haigis, a professor of cell biology in the Blavatnik Institute at HMS, who studies how metabolic shifts can accelerate aging and drive disease. While working in the Haigis lab, Schneider connected with co-first author Kiran Kurmi, then a research fellow who has a background in biochemistry and cancer cell signaling.

Cancer cells must change their metabolism in order to continue growing and surviving amid attacks mounted by the immune system and cancer treatments, Haigis explained.

“Our goal was to understand how specific cancer gene aberrations might directly rewire metabolic pathways to enable cancer growth,” she said. 

Haigis deems cancer metabolism an emerging area in cancer research, and one that could inform the design of a new generation of precision cancer therapies targeted directly at the cellular processes that ignite tumor growth. 

Metabolic detectives on the case

The researchers set out to study lung cancers caused by an alteration in the ALK gene that leads to the production of an abnormal ALK protein. First, they screened the metabolic proteins present in these ALK-positive cancers, and identified GUK1 as one of particular interest.

“We were really intrigued by what the interaction between ALK and GUK1 means — and like metabolic detectives, that’s what we followed,” Haigis said.

Next, they conducted a series of experiments in mice and patient-derived cancer cells to explore GUK1’s contribution to metabolic changes in ALK-positive cancer cells.

The scientists determined that GUK1 is an enzyme that helps abnormal ALK proteins make a molecule called GDP, a precursor to the energy-rich molecule GTP that cancer cells need for tasks such as dividing and making proteins. When the researchers disabled GUK1, cancer cell growth slowed considerably, suggesting that ALK-positive cancers become highly dependent on this enzyme as their molecular fuel for mischief.

“GUK1 turned out to be a metabolic liability in this subset of lung cancer that facilitates tumor growth and survival,” Schneider said.

The team also found evidence of elevated GUK1 levels in additional subtypes of lung cancer, suggesting that the enzyme may play a role in lung cancers driven by other genetic defects.

“By focusing on the basic biology of lung cancer, we were able to identify a new metabolic mechanism that is important in the disease,” Haigis said.

Just the beginning

The researchers note there is a lot more to be uncovered about GUK1 in cancer. They are interested in exploring how many types of cancer are driven by GUK1 in some way. They also want to understand in greater detail how inhibiting GUK1 affects cancer cells. Finally, given that many patients with lung cancer eventually relapse, they want to study whether and how GUK1 helps cancer cells metabolically reprogram themselves to sidestep treatment.

If GUK1 is indeed a key enzyme that gives various cancers the metabolic boost they need to grow quickly and persistently, it could be a compelling target for new cancer therapies.

“We hope that identifying distinct metabolic vulnerabilities like GUK1 will open up new avenues for therapeutic targeting in cancer patients in the future,” Schneider said.

Authorship, funding, disclosures

Additional authors on the paper include Yutong Dai, Ishita Dhiman, Shakchhi Joshi, Brandon Gassaway, Christian Johnson, Nicole Jones, Zongyu Li, Christian Joschko, Toshio Fujino, Joao Paulo, Satoshi Yoda, Gerard Baquer, Daniela Ruiz, Sylwia Stopka, Liam Kelley, Andrew Do, Mari Mino-Kenudson, Lecia Sequist, Jessica Lin, Nathalie Agar, Steven Gygi, Kevin Haigis, and Aaron Hata

The study was funded by the National Institutes of Health (R01CA240317; R01CA164273), the National Institutes of General Medical Sciences (R01GM132129; GM67945), the National Cancer Institute (R01CA273461; U01CA267827), the Joslin Diabetes Center, the Ludwig Center at HMS, A Breath of Hope Lung Foundation, the Lung Cancer Research Foundation, an American Cancer Society Institutional Research Grant, the Life Sciences Research Foundation, and K12CA087723.

Schneider has received honoraria from the Academy of Continued Healthcare Learning, Springer Healthcare, Targeted Oncology, Total Health Conferencing, DAVA Oncology, Physicians’ Education Resource; travel from Dava Oncology; research funding from Gilead. Mino-Kenudson has royalties from Elsevier; Consulting for AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Sanofi, Roche, Boehringer Ingelheim, Innate, Daiichi-Sankyo, and AbbVie. Fujino has a research grant from Takeda Science Foundation, Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Nuvalent, Inc., and Kinnate Biopharma Inc. outside the submitted work; and a patent for KU220115PCT pending. Sequist has institutional research funding from AstraZeneca, Novartis, and Delfi diagnostics. Gygi is a member of the scientific advisory board of Cell Signaling Technologies and ThermoFisher Scientific. Hata has grant/research support from Amgen, Blueprint Medicines, BridgeBio, Bristol-Myers Squibb, C4 Therapeutics, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Nuvalent, Pfizer, Roche/Genentech, and Scorpion Therapeutics; Consulting/advising for Engine Biosciences, Nuvalent, Oncovalent, TigaTx, and Tolremo Therapeutics. Lin has received institutional research funding from Hengrui Therapeutics, Turning Point Therapeutics, Novartis, Neon Therapeutics, Bayer, Roche/Genentech, Pfizer, Elevation Oncology, Relay Therapeutics, Linnaeus Therapeutics, Nuvalent; honorarium or consulting fees from Genentech, C4 Therapeutics, Blueprint Medicines, Nuvalent, Bayer, Elevation Oncology, Novartis, Mirati Therapeutics, Regeneron, Pfizer, Takeda, Ellipses Pharma, Hyku BioSciences, AnHeart Therapeutics, Claim Therapeutics, Merus, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, AstraZeneca, Yuhan, and Turning Point Therapeutics; and travel fees from Pfizer and Merus. K. Haigis receives research funding from TUQ Therapeutics and Revolution Medicines. M. Haigis is on the scientific advisory board for MitoQ, Alixia Therapeutics, Minovia, is a scientific founder and a consultant for Refuel Bio, and receives unrelated research funding from Refuel Bio.