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Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disease that most often affects middle age to older people. It is commonly referred to as “wear and tear” of the joints, but it is now known that OA is a disease of the entire joint, involving the cartilage, joint lining, ligaments, and bone. OA is characterized by breakdown of the cartilage, bony changes of the joints, deterioration of tendons and ligaments, and various degrees of inflammation of the joint lining, or synovium.
The researchers wanted to know if corticosteroid injections for knee OA sped up the progression of the disease, leading to a need for total knee replacement surgery sooner. Recent research suggests that steroid injections have a threefold-higher risk of progression for people with knee OA. However, many patients in this and other studies of corticosteroid therapy have more advanced knee arthritis, which is a risk factor for disease progression in and of itself. To clarify the potential risks of steroid injections for knee OA progression, this new study compared steroid injections to hyaluronic acid injections, which is not associated with cartilage loss.
“The treatment options we have for knee OA are limited. Weight loss can reduce pain from knee OA and delay progression of disease, but this is very difficult for most patients to achieve,” says the study’s co-author, Justin J. Bucci, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine at Boston University School of Medicine. “Pain medications cannot be used safely by many patients with OA because of co-existing heart or kidney disease. Steroid injections are considered a safe and effective intervention for relieving pain from knee OA. Recent studies have raised the possibility that steroid injections are associated with progression of OA. Clinicians and patients need to know if steroid injections are making knee OA worse so they can make informed decisions about their treatment.”
The researchers used two large cohort studies of people with knee OA who received either corticosteroid or hyaluronic acid injections. They reviewed the rates of radiographic progression, or joint damage seen on X-rays, and total knee replacement surgery. Patients in the first cohort had medical visits every 12 months, and those in the second cohort had visits every 30 months. Their exams included knee X-rays and questions about their steroid or hyaluronic acid injections over the previous six months. Knee OA progression was measured using two standard scores Kellen and Lawrence grades (KL) and medial joint space narrowing, both of which are radiographic measures
When they analyzed X-ray progression, the researchers excluded anyone with a baseline KL 4 score and anyone who had received either corticosteroid or hyaluronic acid injections in the past. They compared X-rays from each patient’s medical visits before their first injection to those taken after their last injection. They assigned KL and joint space narrowing scores to each X-ray at medical visits where total knee replacement surgery was prescribed.
In all, the researchers analyzed 792 knees, including 647 treated with corticosteroid injections and 145 with hyaluronic acid injections. They found that the rate of total knee replacement surgery was greater among patients with a single exam where they reported hyaluronic acid injection compared to those with a single exam where they reported corticosteroid injection. They did not find a difference in those patients reporting injections at multiple exams. Further analysis showed similar rates of X-ray progression for both injection treatments at either single or multiple medical exams.
Corticosteroid injections are not associated with higher risk of two key signs of worsening knee osteoarthritis, either radiographic progression or progression to a total knee replacement, compared to hyaluronic acid injections, the study’s findings show.
“We did not find any association between steroid injections and worsening knee OA in our study. Patients and clinicians should see this study and feel reassured that these injections are not causing progression of OA or earlier total knee replacement,” says Dr. Bucci. His group’s future research will focus on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of knees undergoing steroid injection treatment for OA. “MRI provides a more detailed look at structures within the knee compared to X-rays and these images were obtained as part of the cohorts we studied. This information will add to the findings from our current study, and give patients and clinicians a better understanding of what happens to knees treated with steroid injections.”
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ABSTRACT: Progression of Knee OA with Use of Intra-articular Corticosteroids (CS) vs Hyaluronic Acid (HA)
Background/Purpose:
Recent studies have questioned whether CS injections (CSI), a popular treatment recommended by guidelines, hasten progression of knee OA. A recent cohort study suggested a three-fold higher risk for knee OA progression with CSI.
A limitation of such studies is CSI recipients have more advanced knee OA, which is itself a risk factor for OA progression, making it impossible, despite statistical adjustments, to compare those undergoing CSI to those who do not report injections. Patients receiving HA injections (HAI) are a natural comparator to those receiving CSI, as HAI has not been associated with cartilage loss. The purpose of this study was to assess whether CSI was associated with increased rates on knee OA progression in comparison to HAI.
Methods:
We used 2 cohort studies of knee OA, MOST and OAI, to look at rates of x-ray progression and total knee replacement (TKR) among CSI or HAI recipients. OAI and MOST visits were performed every 12 and 30 months, respectively, and included knee x-rays and questions about HAI or CSI in the preceding 6 months. The studies use similar acquisition and reading protocols. Kellgren and Lawrence grades (KL) (0-4), joint space narrowing (JSN) (0-3) were scored for both studies and in OAI, medial joint space (JWS250) was measured.
For analysis of x-ray progression, we excluded knees with baseline KL 4, CSI or HAI reported at first visit, and recipients of HAI and CSI. We compared x-rays from the visit before first reported injection to x-rays at the visit after the last injection. TKR without post-injection x-ray was assigned KL grade 4 and JSN 3 at visit at which TKR was first present. Annualized deterioration rates were calculated for KL, JSN and JWS250. Using multivariable linear regression, we examined deterioration rates for reports of injections at single and multiple exams adjusting for age, sex, BMI, study, and baseline KL grade. For TKR survival analysis, we added subjects who reported injections at baseline visits. TKR events were censored after 7 years from first reported injection.
Results:
792 knees were analyzed, of which 647 reported CSI use and 145 reported HAI use. 124 reported CSI and 19 reported HAI at >1 visit. For additional characteristics, see table 1.
Unadjusted analysis for time to TKR is shown in figure 1. The rate of TKR was greater among those with single exam reports of HAI than of CSI (p=.04) but not different for those reporting at multiple exams, although numbers were small. Multivariable analysis showed similar rates of radiographic progression between CSI and HAI among subjects reporting injections at single or multiple exams (table 2).
Conclusions:
CSI for knee OA was not associated with higher rate of radiographic progression or progression to TKR than HAI. The risk of disease progression attributed to CSI in earlier studies may reflect the presence of more severe OA in those undergoing injections.
