Russian biologists selected biocides for mobile toilets and dump wells that are non-toxic to the environment

In agriculture, country houses and many other places without central sewerage, people use mobile toilets or dump wells. To prevent the foul smell in the bench-holes and during transportation of their contents to wastewater treatment facilities, help biocides – chemical compounds that stop the activity of microorganisms. However, biocides can harm the environment and hinder the work of wastewater treatment facilities. Besides this, toxic biocides can make waste unsuitable for further use as biofertilizers and biofuel production. The Russian scientists proposed the solution to this problem in the journal Biology. The research is led as a part of the project of the world-class science center “Agrotechnologies of Future”, which is realized under the support of national project “Science and Universities”.

In Russia, about 22.6% of citizens live without central sewerage (according to Rosstat of 2019). In rural areas, this figure rises to 66.5%. Vacuum trucks pump out waste from dump wells and mobile toilets and take it to the wastewater treatment facilities. Biocides, such as quaternary ammonium compounds and biguanide derivatives, help prevent the activity of odor-causing microorganisms during storage and transport of waste. Biocidal agents based on these compounds, for example, “Latrina” are very effective, but make wastes toxic, because they decompose very slowly. Thus, they can harm the environment and kill microorganisms in wastewater treatment facilities. Scientists from The Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences compared various popular biocides and selected among the most effective ones those that decompose into non-toxic components soon after they have fulfilled their function.

“In dump wells and mobile toilets, urea decomposes slowly, emitting ammonium, which makes the environment alkaline – its pH can grow up to 9-10. Biocides that decompose in an alkaline environment help to accomplish two goals at once: at first, they lower the activity of harmful bacteria, then break up and thus don’t harm the environment. We checked the results after 10 days – the period that is needed, for example, for full admission of toilets on main-line trains”, – says Yuriy Litti, Ph.D, head of Laboratory of Microbiology of Anthropogenic Habitats of the Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Scientists selected 6 biocides that have no smell, are non-toxic in the used concentration and decompose when pH exceeds 7. Together with his colleagues, Yuriy Litti tested the effect of these biocides on the microorganisms, and also checked how well these agents decompose in the presence of alkaline during 10 days.

From 6 often used biocides, four turned out to be more environmentally sound: Bronopol (30 mg\l), Sharomix (500 mg/l), sodium percarbonate (6 g/l), and the biocidal agent on the base of 2,2 -dibro-3-nitrilopropionamide (500mg/l). Whereas popular biocidal agents like, for example, “Latrina”, remain for a long time in the environment and don’t decompose. Silver citrate and sodium salt of dehydroacetic acid were excluded from the experiment, although they also decompose rapidly in the alkaline environment. They were required in too high a dosage, so the scientists decided that, given the high cost, these options are very expensive for consumers.

“In an alkaline environment, when pH reached 9, the minimal concentration of Bronopol , Sharomix ,and 2,2 -dibro-3-nitrilopropionamide necessary for stopping the growth of harmful microorganisms, increased by 1.5 to 4 times. It’s useful for our purposes, because by decomposition of urea during its transportation, pH only grows. In the future we plan to study in more detail how selected biocides work not only in the laboratory, but in real conditions. If successful, vacuum cleaners will know which products work best and cause less damage to the environment”, – summarized Yuriy Litti.