Multidrug resistance: Not as recent as we thought

Osaka, Japan – Researchers from Osaka University have made the striking discovery that multidrug-resistant bacteria may have been around longer than we thought.

In findings published this month in

Communications Biology

, the researchers investigated the evolutionary relationships among hundreds of RND-type efflux pumps–specialized proteins that pump multiple different types of antibiotics out of a bacterial cell, making it multidrug resistant.

“Interestingly, we found that RND efflux pump AcrB from

H. influenzae

was relatively ancient but exported the same antibiotics as its more evolved counterpart from

Escherichia coli

,” explains lead author of the study Martijn Zwama. “What it couldn’t do well was export bile salts, which are not something that

H. influenzae

encounters in its normal habitat but are common components of the gut, where

E. coli

resides.”

While this pointed to evolution of the pumps in their natural environments, it also suggested that multidrug recognition is an ancient trait. This is an important distinction because most bacteria acquire resistance genes or mutations in the face of selective pressure from the environment.

But while AcrB protects

H. influenzae

from several difference classes of antibiotics, the pathogen remains susceptible to β-lactams and novobiocin, something that researchers have previously not been able to explain.

“Bacterial membranes contain channels that selectively let different substrates into the cell,” says co-author Akihito Yamaguchi. “We found that in

H. influenzae

, one of these channels, OmpP2, was slightly leaky. This meant that some of the smaller drugs pumped out of the cell by AcrB could seep back inside, where they went to work killing the bacterium.”

Multidrug-resistant bacteria have devastating–and often lethal–effects in infected patients. And with new strains constantly emerging, these super pathogens are arguably the biggest threat to human health today. Therefore, drugs targeting efflux pumps have been developed. However, the researchers found that these drugs had no effect on

H. influenzae

.

“Efflux pump inhibitors bind to a phenylalanine-rich pocket in AcrB. Unfortunately, these drugs were designed to target the more evolved proteins in species like

E. coli

,” explains study corresponding author Professor Kunihiko Nishino. “Because

H. influenzae

AcrB is more ancient, we found that it does not contain the same pocket configuration and is therefore unaffected by the efflux pump inhibitors.”

Uncovering these evolutionary differences has shown that a “one size fits all” approach is not suitable to address RND-type efflux pumps. This research provides a more accurate picture of the evolution and mechanism of multidrug efflux systems, which will assist the development of new antibiotics to more effectively target specific multidrug-resistant pathogens.

###

The article, “Phylogenetic and functional characterisation of the

Haemophilus influenzae

multidrug efflux pump AcrB,” was published in

Communications Biology

at DOI:

https:/

/

doi.

org/

10.

1038/

s42003-019-0564-6

.

About Osaka University

Osaka University was founded in 1931 as one of the seven imperial universities of Japan and now has expanded to one of Japan’s leading comprehensive universities. The University has now embarked on open research revolution from a position as Japan’s most innovative university and among the most innovative institutions in the world according to Reuters 2015 Top 100 Innovative Universities and the Nature Index Innovation 2017. The university’s ability to innovate from the stage of fundamental research through the creation of useful technology with economic impact stems from its broad disciplinary spectrum.

Website:

https:/

/

resou.

osaka-u.

ac.

jp/

en/

top