Genetic changes differed, increased in people with Alzheimer’s disease

Inside brain cells, errors in DNA can accumulate as we age. But in patients with Alzheimer’s disease, these errors — known as somatic mutations — may build up at a faster rate. A new study by investigators from Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Boston Children’s Hospital found that patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have a greater number of somatic mutations in their brain cells and that these mutations differed from people without Alzheimer’s disease. The team’s results are published in Nature.

“As we age, neurons are known to accumulate somatic mutations. In AD neurons, however, we see more mutations and DNA alterations,” said lead author Michael B. Miller, MD, PhD, of the Department of Pathology at the Brigham. “Our results suggest that AD neurons experience genomic damage that causes immense stress on cells and creates dysfunction among them. These findings may explain why many brain cells die during AD.”

The team conducted its study using single-cell whole genome sequencing of 319 hippocampal and prefrontal cortex neurons of patients with or without AD to determine the link between the number and type of somatic mutations and AD. To better understand the genomic changes that occur in AD neurons, researchers sequenced tissue DNA and discovered a greater number of mutations termed somatic single-nucleotide variants (sSNVs) in patients with AD. Theorizing that the large number of mutations is the result of increased DNA oxidation, researchers then measured 8-Oxoguanine, an indicator of oxidative stress and DNA damage, and found that AD neurons were in fact more oxidized.

Ultimately, the discovery of accumulating DNA alterations in AD neurons provides researchers with a window into molecular and cellular events in AD pathogenesis. “Our findings suggest that the sheer number of oxidative lesions and somatic mutations we observed in AD neurons may contribute to its pathology,” said Miller.

The authors acknowledge two main study limitations. First, two groups were primarily studied: patients with no neurologic disease and those with advanced AD based on the Braak staging system. In the future, researchers are eager to study the neurons of individuals with intermediate-stage AD. Second, while single-cell, whole-genome sequencing was feasible for the preliminary studies, the authors note that there are advanced methods that allow for an in-depth analysis of each strand of DNA that should be explored in the future.

“In the future, we are eager to elucidate how the observed mutations in AD neurons cause neuronal cell death and are dedicated to aiding in the discovery of novel treatments that target these pathways,” Miller said.

Disclosures: Christopher A. Walsh is a paid consultant (cash, no equity) to Third Rock Ventures and Flagship Pioneering (cash, no equity) and is on the Clinical Advisory Board (cash and equity) of Maze Therapeutics. No research support is received. These companies did not fund and had no role in the conception or performance of this research project.

Funding: This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (K08 AG065502,T32 HL007627, T32 GM007753, T15 LM007098, R00 AG054748, K01 AG051791, R01 NS032457-20S1, R01 AG070921, DP2 AG072437),  the Brigham and Women’s Hospital Program for Interdisciplinary Neuroscience through a gift from Lawrence and Tiina Rand, the donors of the Alzheimer’s Disease Research program of the BrightFocus Foundation (A20201292F), the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation Clinical Scientist Development Award (2021183), Suh Kyungbae Foundation, the F616 Prime Foundation, and the Allen Discovery Center program, a Paul G. Allen Frontiers Group advised program of the Paul G. Allen Family Foundation.

Paper cited: Miller MB et al. “Somatic genomic changes in single Alzheimer’s disease neurons” Nature 2022 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04640-1