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UrduPatients diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), a type of spondyloarthritis, have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) TNF inhibitors have established efficacy in treating both axial and peripheral ankylosing spondylitis symptoms, but their effects on cardiovascular disease are unknown. Researchers undertook this study to see if early use of TNF inhibitors would be cardioprotective.
The cohort consisted of 17,666 AS patients within the Veterans Affairs Corporate Data Warehouse — one of the largest integrated health care information systems in the U.S — from 2002 to 2019.
Patients were considered to have AS if they had one or more inpatient or two or more outpatient ICD codes for AS at least six months apart. Early TNF inhibitor use was defined in the 12-month period following the date of the first AS ICD code.
The primary outcome was any CVD event, including coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemic stroke. Secondary outcomes included MI, venous thromboembolism (VTE), major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) including CVD death, as well as all-cause mortality.
In designing the study, the researchers sought to avoid confounding by indication — that is, the reason patients are prescribed one medication over another may be related to their likelihood of having the outcome of interest. It’s often hard to fully account for in observational studies because data about why a medication is prescribed may be missing.
Of the 17,666 patients in the cohort, 2,231 were early TNF inhibitor initiators. During follow-up, 15.1% had incident CVD compared to 19.7% of non-initiators. In the propensity score analysis, early TNF inhibitor treatment was associated with a greater risk of CVD, stroke, and MACE.
Dr. Liew says the results were unexpected.
“We designed the study with the overall hypothesis that the use of TNF inhibitors, which reduce inflammation and thus cardiovascular risk, would be associated with lower risk for our cardiovascular outcomes. That we saw the opposite association, that early use of TNF inhibitors was associated with a higher risk of incident cardiovascular outcomes, was a bit surprising.”
Dr. Liew cautions, however, that possible confounding could have biased the results, and they may not represent ‘the real truth.’
“For example, we didn’t have a direct way of obtaining AS disease activity in our database. AS disease activity is an important confounder that is associated with early TNF inhibitor initiation and cardiovascular outcomes. If we had been able to access data on AS disease activity and could have included it in our statistical models, then perhaps we would not have seen a statistically significant association between early TNF inhibitor initiation and cardiovascular disease.”
Dr. Liew says a follow-up study, in either the VA database or another database, should also be attempted with caveats, given the potential for similar sources of bias if important confounders aren’t available. Still, she says a lot can be done to address the cardiovascular risk in ankylosing spondylitis.
“The whole healthcare team needs to be cognizant of screening for and treating traditional cardiovascular risk factors like hypertension and hyperlipidemia. This burden cannot be placed on either the rheumatologist alone, who doesn’t typically manage these conditions, or the primary care provider alone who is likely unaware of the heightened cardiovascular risk,” said Dr. Liew.
This research was supported by funding from the Rheumatology Research Foundation Investigator Award and the Spondyloarthritis Research and Treatment Network.
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