Researchers build long-sought nanoparticle structure, opening door to special properties

AMES, Iowa – Alex Travesset doesn’t have a shiny research lab filled with the latest instruments that probe new nanomaterials and measure their special properties.

No, his theoretical work explaining what’s happening inside those new nanomaterials is all about computer models, equations and figures. And so, when he joins a project, the Iowa State University professor of physics and astronomy who’s also affiliated with the U.S. Department of Energy’s Ames National Laboratory might contribute many dense pages showing how nanoparticles assemble.

Case in point: Travesset’s “Chiral Tetrahedra” calculations and illustrations that are part of a research paper just published by the journal Nature. Those calculations show how controlled evaporation of a solution containing tetrahedron-shaped gold nanoparticles on a solid silicon substrate can assemble into a pinwheel-shaped, two-layered structure.

It turns out the nanostructure is chiral, meaning it’s not identical to its mirror image. (The classic example is a hand and its reflection. The thumbs end up on opposite sides and so one hand can’t be superimposed on the other. That’s chirality.)

Travesset said producing a stable nanostructure with chiral properties is a big deal.

Researchers have been trying to assemble chiral nanostructures for nearly 20 years – about as long as researchers have been studying nanostructures. Such structures could lead to specially engineered materials with “unusual optical, mechanical and electronic characteristics,” according to the Nature paper.

Travesset, who was introduced to the project’s lead researchers from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (see sidebar) during a virtual scientific conference, wasn’t even sure this new chiral structure could exist in the real world.

“This was a very open structure,” he said. “Usually, with nanoparticles, these structures are never stable.”

But this one was “held together by different types of electrostatic forces,” Travesset said. “They were unusual in their continuity.”

The structure’s chirality was made possible by being sandwiched in two different substrates – air at the top and a solid surface at the bottom. Optical measurements at the University of Michigan corroborated the chirality by reporting a very strong chiro-optical effect in response to polarized light.

“This very open structure with chiral optical response was very important,” Travesset said. “People have been trying to do this for a long time. But the structure has always been unstable or not realizable. This is the first example of this having been achieved.”

Again, a big deal.

“As a theorist working in all things nanoparticle, I have always been interested in how to assemble nanoparticle arrangements that are chiral,” Travesset said.

The “unique topology and physics” of these chiral nanostructures, “make their self-assembly from nanoparticles highly sought after yet challenging,” according to the Nature paper.

Travesset said the experimentalists in the research group will build on their discovery, learning more about the nanostructure’s properties and, potentially, how they could be used in, say, coatings for optical applications.

For nanoparticle theorists working with their models, equations and figures, Travesset said there’s also a lot of work ahead.

“Despite some successes, theory is somehow lagging behind,” he said. “We are not yet in a position where we can design nanoparticle-based materials from theoretical/computational models alone. In fact, other colleagues and I are organizing an eight-week workshop to address this challenge.” (See sidebar.)

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Read the paper

“Chiral assemblies of pinwheel superlattices on substrates,” Nature, November 28, 2022

The researchers

First authors: Shan Zhou and Jiahui Li, the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Jun Lu, the University of Michigan

Corresponding authors: Nicholas Kotov of Michigan and Qian Chen of Illinois

Co-authors:

• Alex Travesset, Iowa State University and Ames National Laboratory
• Ahyoung Kim, Lehan Yao, Chang Liu, Chang Qian, Xiaoying Lin and Wenxiang Chen, Illinois
• Ji-Young Kim and Kai Sun, Michigan
• Haihua Liu, Zachary Hood, Thomas Gage and Ilke Arslan, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois

The workshop

“Nanoparticle Assemblies: A New Form of Matter with Classical Structure and Quantum Function,” March 27 to May 19, 2023, the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, UC Santa Barbara