DESI team prepares for telescope instrument’s restart after unexpected shutdown

The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), installed on an Arizona mountaintop, was quickly moving through its testing stages and making headway toward the start of its 5-year observing run as project participants from around the world traveled to attend a DESI collaboration meeting in Tucson, Arizona, in early March.

But as cases of COVID-19 were mounting in the U.S. and other nations around the world, collaboration leaders acted quickly to pull the plug on the in-person meeting – planned from March 9-13, 2020 – and to transition to an online meeting.

“We already had people in the air coming to the U.S. from all parts of the world: France, the U.K., Taiwan, and Korea,” said Michael Levi, DESI project director and a scientist at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab), which is the lead institution for the DESI project.

Meeting organizers helped travelers who had already made the journey to Tucson find ways to return home before the onset of widespread travel restrictions. “No one got stranded,” Levi said. Others were able to cancel their travel plans in time. The hurriedly planned online meeting drew about 200 participants, which was actually higher than the usual in-person head count, he noted.

At that time, it wasn’t yet clear how the spread of COVID-19 would affect daily life in the U.S., or the DESI project itself. The meeting content focused, instead, on the science that would come out of DESI. The instrument will search for new insights into dark energy, responsible for the universe’s mysteriously accelerating expansion, by measuring the light of tens of millions of galaxies to produce the most massive 3D map of the universe.

“The meeting wasn’t about the instrument today, it was about the science tomorrow,” Levi noted. “We didn’t quite know what was in store for us. We were still figuring that out at the time.”

But as the virtual meeting progressed, day by day it became more and more clear that the response to COVID-19 would lead to big, unforeseen changes for the U.S., and for DESI and all of its participants.

“By March 13, the last day of the meeting, we realized we would be shutting down the instrument,” Levi said, “which we would do the following Monday. We realized we could no longer run at all.”

In the last two days before this closure, DESI crews raced to use the instrument to capture some night-sky measurements. They succeeded in collecting the light signatures, or spectra, for about 100,000 objects in those final days, and researchers are still poring through this data.

By March 18, crews at the Kitt Peak National Observatory site where DESI is installed had successfully shut down all of DESI’s systems. Kitt Peak is a part of the National Science Foundation’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory.

Some of the data collected just before the shutdown would help to validate for federal reviewers that the project had completed its construction phase and was ready to begin a final testing period toward startup once it was brought online again. The federal review, which DESI passed, took place just days after the shutdown.

Despite DESI’s shutdown, Levi said that a variety of project work is still moving forward:

• The final data release from a series of pre-DESI surveys, which will be used to help select galaxies and ultrabright objects called quasars for DESI to target, will be publicly released within a couple months. The collaboration uses supercomputers at Berkeley Lab’s National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center to process this data.
• Analysis of data that DESI has already collected during its early testing is ongoing.
• Researchers can test the systems in DESI’s high-tech focal plane, which is equipped with 5,000 swiveling robotic positioners that point fiber-optic cables at preselected sequences of galaxies and quasars, by remotely accessing a sample focal plane “wedge” at Berkeley Lab containing 500 of these positioners.
• Some hardware development is continuing. Robert Besuner, DESI project manager and a Berkeley Lab affiliate who is an engineer at UC Berkeley’s Space Sciences Laboratory, for example, has worked with other collaboration members to design and order needed components for installation on DESI. They worked on a device that is intended to prevent condensation from gathering on DESI’s lenses during this shutdown period, for example, and another to monitor air quality at the DESI site. To carry out this work, Besuner ordered parts from 3D-printing shops and other machining firms. The assembled devices were shipped to the DESI site for installation by essential workers there.
• And all DESI conversations and meetings have moved online.

“We have considerable online and remote-work capabilities,” Levi said. “People are very industrious in getting this work done.”

When the DESI team does receive all of the necessary approvals to proceed with the project, it will happen in stages, Levi noted.

The first phase of DESI’s restart will involve instrument maintenance carried out by crews stationed at the Kitt Peak site, he said. In the next phase, when travel is allowed, Berkeley Lab researchers will travel to the site to turn the instrument back on.

Then, DESI researchers will begin detailed testing of the instrument’s systems to ensure they are working as designed, and in the final phase the instrument will perform night-sky measurements again in preparation for its formal startup.

NERSC is a DOE Office of Science user facility.

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DESI is supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No.DE-AC02-05CH1123, and by the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, a DOE Office of Science User Facility under the same contract; additional support for DESI is provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation, Division of Astronomical Sciences under Contract No. AST-0950945 to the NSF’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory; the Science and Technologies Facilities Council of the United Kingdom; the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; the Heising-Simons Foundation; the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA); the National Council of Science and Technology of Mexico; the Ministry of Economy of Spain, and by the DESI Member Institutions. The authors are honored to be permitted to conduct astronomical research on Iolkam Du’ag (Kitt Peak), a mountain with particular significance to the Tohono O’odham Nation.