Climate change in the forests of northern Germany

More and more trees are suffering the consequences of decades of man-made climate change. The growth of the European beech has so far suffered decline mainly in southern Europe. European beech is Germany’s most important native forest tree species and it is most commonly found in Central Europe. A research team from the University of Göttingen has now been able to show that the European beech is suffering from increasing drought stress in summer in northern Germany as well. This climate stress is particularly pronounced at warmer sites, when there is a higher density of these trees together, and on very sandy soils. The results have been published in the journal Global Change Biology.

In their study, the researchers specifically selected a wide range of sites ranging from wet to very dry, because even in northern Germany there are very dry beech forests. The scientists took numerous wood samples at all these sites to measure the tree rings in the tree trunks. “This allows us to look back over many decades and reconstruct tree growth in the past,” explains Dr Robert Weigel, a postdoctoral researcher in Plant Ecology and Ecosystem Research at the University of Göttingen. These data were combined with those from climate stations, to derive the relationship between climate and growth of the trees.

The investigations revealed that drought and heat in June, the main month of growth for beech trees, are the most important climate factors influencing how much the trunk will grow across all the locations studied, with the negative effects being stronger in drier locations. “Looking back into the past in this way enables us to gain valuable information about the potential future of beech,” states Professor Christoph Leuschner, Head of Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, Göttingen University.

“The clear message is: dry locations show the strongest long-term decline in growth, because a lack of water is becoming much more common there,” says Weigel. “These results are a warning that the European beech will also be increasingly affected by drought, not just in southern Europe, but also in many regions here in Germany.” For the future, therefore, it will be necessary to examine more closely where beech forests will be able to grow in northern Germany and which drought-tolerant tree species will be better able to cope with climate change, taking into account the amount of rainfall, current climate trends and soil conditions.

Original publication: Robert Weigel et al. Summer drought exposure, stand structure, and soil properties jointly control the growth of European beech along a steep precipitation gradient in northern Germany. Global Change Biology 2022. DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16506