Study shows how materials change as they are stressed and relaxed.
Like people, materials evolve over time. They also behave differently when they are stressed and relaxed. Scientists looking to measure the dynamics of how materials change have developed a new technique that leverages X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS), artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning.
This technique creates “fingerprints” of different materials that can be read and analyzed by a neural network to yield new information that scientists previously could not access. A neural network is a computer model that makes decisions in a manner similar to the human brain.
In a new study by researchers in the Advanced Photon Source (APS) and Center for Nanoscale Materials (CNM) at the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory, scientists have paired XPCS with an unsupervised machine learning algorithm, a form of neural network that requires no expert training. The algorithm teaches itself to recognize patterns hidden within arrangements of X-rays scattered by a colloid — a group of particles suspended in solution. The APS and CNM are DOE Office of Science user facilities.
“The goal of the AI is just to treat the scattering patterns as regular images or pictures and digest them to figure out what are the repeating patterns. The AI is a pattern recognition expert.” — James (Jay) Horwath, Argonne National Laboratory
“The way we understand how materials move and change over time is by collecting X-ray scattering data,” said Argonne postdoctoral researcher James (Jay) Horwath, the first author of the study.
These patterns are too complicated for scientists to detect without the aid of AI. “As we’re shining the X-ray beam, the patterns are so diverse and so complicated that it becomes difficult even for experts to understand what any of them mean,” Horwath said.
For researchers to better understand what they are studying, they have to condense all the data into fingerprints that carry only the most essential information about the sample. “You can think of it like having the material’s genome, it has all the information necessary to reconstruct the entire picture,” Horwath said.
The project is called Artificial Intelligence for Non-Equilibrium Relaxation Dynamics, or AI-NERD. The fingerprints are created by using a technique called an autoencoder. An autoencoder is a type of neural network that transforms the original image data into the fingerprint — called a latent representation by scientists — and that also includes a decoder algorithm used to go from the latent representation back to the full image.
The goal of the researchers was to try to create a map of the material’s fingerprints, clustering together fingerprints with similar characteristics into neighborhoods. By looking holistically at the features of the various fingerprint neighborhoods on the map, the researchers were able to better understand how the materials were structured and how they evolved over time as they were stressed and relaxed.
AI, simply put, has good general pattern recognition capabilities, making it able to efficiently categorize the different X-ray images and sort them into the map. “The goal of the AI is just to treat the scattering patterns as regular images or pictures and digest them to figure out what are the repeating patterns,” Horwath said. “The AI is a pattern recognition expert.”
Using AI to understand scattering data will be especially important as the upgraded APS comes online. The improved facility will generate 500 times brighter X-ray beams than the original APS. “The data we get from the upgraded APS will need the power of AI to sort through it,” Horwath said.
The theory group at CNM collaborated with the computational group in Argonne’s X-ray Science division to perform molecular simulations of the polymer dynamics demonstrated by XPCS and going forward synthetically generate data for training AI workflows like the AI-NERD.
A paper based on the study appeared in Nature Communications. The study was funded through an Argonne laboratory-directed research and development grant.
Authors of the study include Argonne’s James (Jay) Horwath, Xiao-Min Lin, Hongrui He, Qingteng Zhang, Eric Dufresne, Miaoqi Chu, Subramanian Sankaranaryanan, Wei Chen, Suresh Narayanan and Mathew Cherukara. Chen and He have joint appointments at the University of Chicago, and Sankaranaryanan has a joint appointment at the University of Illinois Chicago.
About Argonne’s Center for Nanoscale Materials
The Center for Nanoscale Materials is one of the five DOE Nanoscale Science Research Centers, premier national user facilities for interdisciplinary research at the nanoscale supported by the DOE Office of Science. Together the NSRCs comprise a suite of complementary facilities that provide researchers with state-of-the-art capabilities to fabricate, process, characterize and model nanoscale materials, and constitute the largest infrastructure investment of the National Nanotechnology Initiative. The NSRCs are located at DOE’s Argonne, Brookhaven, Lawrence Berkeley, Oak Ridge, Sandia and Los Alamos National Laboratories. For more information about the DOE NSRCs, please visit https://science.osti.gov/User-Facilities/User-Facilities-at-a-Glance.
About the Advanced Photon Source
The U. S. Department of Energy Office of Science’s Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Laboratory is one of the world’s most productive X-ray light source facilities. The APS provides high-brightness X-ray beams to a diverse community of researchers in materials science, chemistry, condensed matter physics, the life and environmental sciences, and applied research. These X-rays are ideally suited for explorations of materials and biological structures; elemental distribution; chemical, magnetic, electronic states; and a wide range of technologically important engineering systems from batteries to fuel injector sprays, all of which are the foundations of our nation’s economic, technological, and physical well-being. Each year, more than 5,000 researchers use the APS to produce over 2,000 publications detailing impactful discoveries, and solve more vital biological protein structures than users of any other X-ray light source research facility. APS scientists and engineers innovate technology that is at the heart of advancing accelerator and light-source operations. This includes the insertion devices that produce extreme-brightness X-rays prized by researchers, lenses that focus the X-rays down to a few nanometers, instrumentation that maximizes the way the X-rays interact with samples being studied, and software that gathers and manages the massive quantity of data resulting from discovery research at the APS.
This research used resources of the Advanced Photon Source, a U.S. DOE Office of Science User Facility operated for the DOE Office of Science by Argonne National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357.
Argonne National Laboratory seeks solutions to pressing national problems in science and technology by conducting leading-edge basic and applied research in virtually every scientific discipline. Argonne is managed by UChicago Argonne, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Science.
The U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Science is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States and is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time. For more information, visit https://energy.gov/science.
