Countries across the globe have been struggling to deal with the impact of COVID-19 and the accompanying economic slowdown. As economies “build back better”, it may be an opportune time to introduce carbon pricing to tackle climate change while generating socioeconomic benefits, according to new interdisciplinary policy research by philosophers and economists.
While endorsed by many economists, carbon pricing has been slower to gain traction because of its potential to shock economies and the difficulty of securing political support for increasing taxes. However, according to the authors of a new paper published in the journal Climate Policy, fuel prices are already low and people are buying fewer goods and traveling less, so there could be greater benefits to introducing or strengthening carbon prices.
Carbon pricing ̶ whether in the form of taxes or emissions trading ̶ is an economic instrument to account for the environmental costs of emitting greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels. Carbon pricing typically applies to the producer with increased costs ultimately trickling down to any activity using carbon. For example, oil-extraction companies would be taxed, adding costs to any process that involved burning oil. Emissions-trading schemes set some cap on emissions and permits to emit are traded, but the number of total permits available correspond to that cap.
“When we think about long-term problems like the pandemic or climate change, it’s easy to assume that the solutions could conflict since they all require massive resources,” says lead author Kian Mintz-Woo, an alumnus of the 2018 IIASA Young Scientists Summer Program (YSSP) and former postdoctoral research associate at Princeton University, who is currently associated with University College Cork, Ireland. “What we describe in this article, however, is how the context of the coronavirus crisis actually provides a unique opportunity for mutually reinforcing forward-thinking solutions to improve sustainability and wellbeing as countries recover.”
The authors argue that with markets already reorienting to adjust to supply-and-demand shocks brought on by the pandemic, introducing carbon pricing now would result in marginally less disruption and could help drive greener economic activity. Since carbon pollution already increases health and environmental costs, disproportionately borne by the most vulnerable parts of society, forcing those generating the costs to pay for them would lead to fairer production and consumption.
In the context of low fuel prices over an extended period, as seen in recent months, the researchers also suggest that a carbon tax could help stabilize prices and ensure that renewable energy sources ̶ the prices of which were becoming cost-competitive even before the COVID-19 crisis ̶ can remain competitive.
“As economies move toward recovery, placing a price on carbon could prompt industries, individuals, and firms to move away from more costly fossil-fuel intensive practices and toward long-term economic and environmental sustainability in an equitable way,” explains coauthor Thomas Schinko, Deputy Director of the IIASA Risk and Resilience Program.
The researchers acknowledge that governments are under pressure to prioritize economic recovery from the COVID-19 crisis, so any policy changes with the potential to dampen a stimulus effect could be unpopular. However, they argue that high prices are not the primary obstacle to consumer purchasing; the cause of the economic slowdown has more to do with restricted market activity during the pandemic.
“Preventing commitment to future emissions is the key,” comments Mintz-Woo. “But that cannot come at the expense of those who may be at risk for job losses in this transition. Governments should use the revenue to both reduce any regressive effects of the taxation and retrain those who come from industries that could be adversely affected.”
Revenue generated from a carbon price could contribute toward government spending on social safety nets, fund other green priorities to drive innovation and new jobs, or be returned as credits to taxpayers. In all cases, the potential revenue source could be a welcome infusion during the COVID-19 crisis, when regional and national governments face massive fiscal shortfalls, which can be expected to grow in the coming months.
“Right now, governments are considering bailouts for carbon-intensive sectors, like the airline industry. While it’s really hard on employees in that industry, government money would be far better spent on clean research and development investments and other strategies to help companies prepare for the future. That means preparing for employment transitions away from carbon-intensive jobs and towards areas that will be more beneficial to the environment. Carbon pricing can help us do just that,” Mintz-Woo concludes.
Reference
Mintz-Woo K, Dennig F, Liu H, & Schinko T (2020). Carbon pricing and COVID-19. Climate Policy DOI: 10.1080/14693062.2020.1831432 [pure.iiasa.ac.at/16826]
Upon publication, a short version of the article’s arguments is expected to be released simultaneously on the blog https://climatestrategies.wordpress.com.
Contacts:
Researcher contact
Thomas Schinko
Deputy Program Director
IIASA Risk and Resilience Program
Tel: +43 2236 807 467
schinko@iiasa.ac.at
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IIASA Press Office
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Mob: +43 676 83 807 574
heyl@iiasa.ac.at
About IIASA:
The International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) is an international scientific institute that conducts research into the critical issues of global environmental, economic, technological, and social change that we face in the twenty-first century. Our findings provide valuable options to policymakers to shape the future of our changing world. IIASA is independent and funded by prestigious research funding agencies in Africa, the Americas, Asia, and Europe. www.iiasa.ac.at
