Medicare is sporadically compromised by fraudulent insurance claims. These illicit activities often go undetected, allowing full-time criminals and unscrupulous health providers to exploit weaknesses in the system. Last year, the estimated annual fraud topped $100 billion according to the National Health Care Anti-Fraud Association, but it is likely much higher.
Traditionally, to detect Medicare fraud, a limited number of auditors, or investigators, are responsible for manually inspecting thousands of claims, but only have enough time to look for very specific patterns indicating suspicious behaviors. Moreover, there are not enough investigators to keep up with the various Medicare fraud schemes.
Utilizing big data, such as from patient records and provider payments, often is considered the best way to produce effective machine learning models to detect fraud. However, in the domain of Medicare insurance fraud detection, handling imbalanced big data and high dimensionality – data in which the number of features is staggeringly high so that calculations become extremely difficult – remains a significant challenge.
New research from the College of Engineering and Computer Science at Florida Atlantic University addresses this challenge by pinpointing fraudulent activity in the “vast sea” of big Medicare data. Since identification of fraud is the first step in stopping it, this novel technique could conserve substantial resources for the Medicare system.
For the study, researchers systematically tested two imbalanced big Medicare datasets, Part B and Part D. Part B involves Medicare’s coverage of medical services like doctor’s visits, outpatient care, and other medical services not covered under hospitalization. Part D, on the other hand, relates to Medicare’s prescription drug benefit and covers medication costs. These datasets were labeled with the List of Excluded Individuals and Entities (LEIE). The LEIE is provided by the United States Office of the Inspector General.
Researchers delved deep into the influence of Random Undersampling (RUS), a straightforward, yet potent data sampling technique, and their novel ensemble supervised feature selection technique. RUS works by randomly removing samples from the majority class until a specific balance between the minority and majority classes is met.
The experimental design investigated various scenarios, ranging from using each technique in isolation to employing them in combination. Following analyses of the individual scenarios, researchers again selected the techniques that yielded the best results and performed an analysis of results between all scenarios.
Results of the study, published in the Journal of Big Data, demonstrate that intelligent data reduction techniques improve the classification of high imbalanced big Medicare data. The synergistic application of both techniques – RUS and supervised feature selection – outperformed models that utilize all available features and data. Findings showed that either combination of using the feature selection technique followed by RUS, or using RUS followed by the feature selection technique, yielded the best performance.
Consequently, in the classification of either dataset, researchers discovered that a technique with the largest amount of data reduction also yields the best performance, which is the technique of performing feature selection, then applying RUS. Reduction in the number of features leads to more explainable models and performance is significantly better than using all features.
“The performance of a classifier or algorithm can be swayed by multiple effects,” said Taghi Khoshgoftaar, Ph.D., senior author and Motorola Professor, FAU Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. “Two factors that can make data more difficult to classify are dimensionality and class imbalance. Class imbalance in labeled data happens when the overwhelming majority of instances in the dataset have one particular label. This imbalance presents obstacles, as it is possible for a classifier optimized for a metric such as accuracy, which will mislabel fraudulent activities as non-fraudulent to boost overall scores in terms of the metric.”
For feature selection, researchers incorporated a supervised feature selection method based on feature ranking lists. Subsequently, through the implementation of an innovative approach, these lists were combined to yield a conclusive feature ranking. To furnish a benchmark, models also were built utilizing all features of the datasets. Upon the derivation of this consolidated ranking, features were selected based on their position in the list.
“Our systematic approach provided a greater comprehension regarding the interplay between feature selection and model robustness within the context of multiple learning algorithms,” said John T. Hancock, first author and a Ph.D. student in FAU’s Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. “It is easier to reason about how a model performs classifications when it is built with fewer features.”
For both Medicare Part B and Part D datasets, researchers conducted experiments in five scenarios that exhausted the possible ways to utilize, or omit, the RUS and feature selection data reduction techniques. For both datasets, researchers found that data reduction techniques also improve classification results.
“Given the enormous financial implications of Medicare fraud, findings from this important study not only offer computational advantages but also significantly enhance the effectiveness of fraud detection systems,” said Stella Batalama, Ph.D., dean, FAU College of Engineering and Computer Science. “These methods, if properly applied to detect and stop Medicare insurance fraud, could substantially elevate the standard of health care service by reducing costs related to fraud.”
Study co-authors are Huanjing Wang, Ph.D., a professor of computer science, Western Kentucky University; and Qianxin Liang, a Ph.D. student in FAU’s Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.
– FAU –
About FAU’s College of Engineering and Computer Science:
The FAU College of Engineering and Computer Science is internationally recognized for cutting-edge research and education in the areas of computer science and artificial intelligence (AI), computer engineering, electrical engineering, biomedical engineering, civil, environmental and geomatics engineering, mechanical engineering, and ocean engineering. Research conducted by the faculty and their teams expose students to technology innovations that push the current state-of-the art of the disciplines. The College research efforts are supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Department of Defense (DOD), the Department of Transportation (DOT), the Department of Education (DOEd), the State of Florida, and industry. The FAU College of Engineering and Computer Science offers degrees with a modern twist that bear specializations in areas of national priority such as AI, cybersecurity, internet-of-things, transportation and supply chain management, and data science. New degree programs include Master of Science in AI (first in Florida), Master of Science and Bachelor in Data Science and Analytics, and the new Professional Master of Science and Ph.D. in computer science for working professionals. For more information about the College, please visit eng.fau.edu.
About Florida Atlantic University: Florida Atlantic University, established in 1961, officially opened its doors in 1964 as the fifth public university in Florida. Today, the University serves more than 30,000 undergraduate and graduate students across six campuses located along the southeast Florida coast. In recent years, the University has doubled its research expenditures and outpaced its peers in student achievement rates. Through the coexistence of access and excellence, FAU embodies an innovative model where traditional achievement gaps vanish. FAU is designated a Hispanic-serving institution, ranked as a top public university by U.S. News & World Report and a High Research Activity institution by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. For more information, visit www.fau.edu.
