Antarctica is considered one of the Earth’s largest, most pristine remaining wildernesses. Yet since its formal discovery 200 years ago, the continent has seen accelerating and potentially impactful human activity.
How widespread this activity is across the continent has never been quantified. We know Antarctica has no cities, agriculture or industry. But we have never had a good idea of where humans have been, how much of the continent remains untouched or largely unimpacted, and to what extent these largely unimpacted areas serve to protect biodiversity.
A team of researchers led by Monash University has changed all of that. Reporting today in the journal Nature, using a data set of 2.7 million human activity records, they show just how extensive human use of Antarctica has been over the last 200 years.
With the exception of some large areas mostly in the central parts of the continent, humans have set foot almost everywhere.
Although many of these visited areas have only been negligibly affected by people, biodiversity is not as well represented within them as it should be.
Only 16% of the continent’s Important Bird Areas, areas identified internationally as critical for bird conservation, are located within negligibly impacted areas. And little of the total negligibly impacted area is represented in Antarctica’s Specially Protected Area network.
High human impact areas, for example some areas where people build research stations or visit for tourism, often overlap with areas important for biodiversity.
Lead author, Rachel Leihy, a PhD student in the Monash School of Biological Sciences, points out that “While the situation does not look promising initially, the outcomes show that much opportunity exists to take swift action to declare new protected areas for the conservation of both wilderness and biodiversity.”
Steven Chown, the corresponding author based at Monash University, adds “Informatics approaches using large data sets are providing new quantitative insights into questions that have long proven thorny for environmental policymakers.”
“This work offers innovative ways to help the Antarctic Treaty Parties take forward measures to secure Antarctica’s Wilderness.”
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