SAN FRANCISCO, CA—As a human embryo grows, a set of molecules directs cells as they multiply and take on specific identities and spatial positions within the embryo. In one crucial step known as gastrulation, these signaling molecules guide a single layer of embryonic stem cells to form three layers of distinct cell types that will later become different parts of the body.
Now, researchers in the iPS Cell Research Center at Gladstone Institutes have shown that tight junctions between cells may play a critical role in gastrulation in human embryos.
“This study has exciting implications for the way we design gastrulation models and other lab techniques for differentiating stem cells into specialized cell types,” says Shinya Yamanaka, MD, PhD, senior investigator at Gladstone and a senior author of the study published in the journal Developmental Cell. “The better we understand signaling mechanisms in embryos, the more easily we can recapitulate these processes in robust, reproducible ways.”
The team is already applying their results to develop novel techniques for transforming stem cells in a dish into human egg cells—a strategy that could one day be used for in vitro fertilization.
Discovery on the Edge
Gastrulation sets a foundation for the development of the entire human body. Researchers have found ways to recreate a simplified version of this fundamental process in a dish by starting with a layer of induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPS cells—adult cells that have been reprogrammed to mimic embryonic stem cells, meaning they can differentiate to become any cell type in the body.
Then, scientists add a protein called BMP4, a key signaling molecule in gastrulation, which causes the cells in the dish to begin to form the three layers of cells found in the embryo. However, since all of the cells appear to receive the same BMP4 signal, it has been unclear why some transform into one cell type while others become different cell types.
“This has been kind of a head scratcher in the field,” says Ivana Vasic, PhD, lead author of the study and a former postdoctoral researcher at Gladstone. “All these cells are either interpreting the same cue from BMP4 differently, or they’re not really getting the same cue.”
While creating a gastrulation model in the lab, Vasic observed that the iPS cells clustered together in the dish contain proteins that are the building blocks for tight junctions, which are barriers between cells. But she also noticed that the tight junctions don’t always actually assemble.
Yamanaka, Vasic, and their team found that growing the cells in a less-confined space allowed the tight junctions to assemble consistently. When they added BMP4 to the unconfined cells, they got their “aha” moment: only cells at the edge of the cluster received enough BMP4 to activate molecular pathways that would nudge them to become different layer cell types.
“Tight junctions between adjacent cells seem to make them impervious to signals from BMP4,” Vasic says. “But the edge cells don’t have a buddy to form tight junctions with on their outer side, which means they are getting the strongest cues from BMP4.”
To confirm the importance of tight junctions in gastrulation, the researchers used CRISPR genome editing technology to suppress production of TJP1, a protein that is crucial for forming tight junctions in iPS cells. When they applied BMP4 to cells lacking the TJP1 protein, every single cell was activated, not just the edge cells.
“We showed that removing the tight junctions made all the cells respond to BMP4,” says Yamanaka, who is also a professor of anatomy at UC San Francisco, as well as director emeritus and professor at the Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, in Japan. “This suggests that tight junctions block cells from responding to signals in gastrulation models, and more fundamentally, that the structure of cells is very important to how they receive differentiation signals.”
“Broadly speaking, this study demonstrates how perturbations to innate properties of iPS cells can modulate their sensitivity to extracellular cues and alter their cell fate trajectory,” says Todd McDevitt, PhD, former senior investigator at Gladstone and a senior author of the study. “This principle could be a game changer for unlocking the potential of iPS cells to produce more homogeneous populations of differentiated cells for therapeutic applications.”
Creating Egg Cells in a Dish
The team then took a closer look at the identity of the cells that had been activated by BMP4 after perturbing tight junction formation.
“We stumbled upon a very exciting finding: it turns out that we could create a special type of cell called a primordial germ cell-like cell,” Vasic says. “These are stem cells produced in a lab that resemble the human precursors of sperm and egg cells.”
Researchers have long sought a reliable method for generating primordial germ cell-like cells, but struggled to produce them from iPS cells. Vasic and her colleagues had discovered that suppressing TJP1 could form the basis of a novel method to efficiently produce these unique cells.
Now, Vasic has founded a new company, Vitra Labs, to apply this method in a possible new strategy for treating women’s infertility.
“We’re essentially trying to recapitulate the biological process of egg production, so that we can generate eggs that people could use for in vitro fertilization,” Vasic says. “It’s kind of the cherry on top of our study.”
