AMES, Iowa – Significant growth in the monarch butterfly population will require planting more habitat on agricultural land, but that could put the species in close proximity to insecticides commonly applied to crops. Accordingly, Iowa State University researchers are studying how much risk various insecticides pose to monarchs.
The research could lead to better strategies for how to plant milkweed on agricultural land and contribute to a rebound in the species population, said Niranjana Krishnan, a graduate student in entomology and co-author of the study. The study, published in the peer-reviewed journal Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, drew on lab experiments and computer modeling to study the effects on monarch caterpillars of five active ingredients commonly used in foliar insecticides.
Rehabilitating the monarch butterfly population, which has experienced steep declines in the last two decades, requires more than a billion additional milkweed plants on the Midwestern landscape to provide new habitat for the species. Milkweed plays a unique role in the development of monarch butterflies because it’s the only plant on which monarchs lay eggs. Milkweed also provides the only food source for monarch caterpillars. Much of that additional milkweed must reside on agricultural land in order for the effort to succeed, but scientists haven’t looked at how foliar insecticides applied to corn and soybean crops might affect caterpillars on nearby milkweed, Krishnan said.
“In order to make the best decisions about how and where to plant milkweed, we first need to find basic toxicity and exposure data,” she said. “There was very little data available on this.”
The research team looked at five active ingredients used in foliar pesticides, including beta‐cyfluthrin (pyrethroid), chlorantraniliprole (anthranilic diamide), chlorpyrifos (organophosphate), and imidacloprid and thiamethoxam (neonicotinoids). These insecticides are commonly applied to crops to battle pests such as soybean aphids, European corn borers, corn rootworms and corn aphids. The researchers analyzed the relative toxicity of each insecticide on caterpillars at various stages of development in laboratory experiments. They found some insecticides to be more toxic than others. They also observed that caterpillars exposed to certain doses of neonicotinoid insecticides failed to pupate, a unique finding among the results of the experiments.
The researchers then used a computer model to simulate exposure levels at various distances to mimic insecticides drifting into contact with caterpillars or landing on milkweed that the caterpillars then eat.
“We estimated high monarch larval mortality rates 0 to 15 meters downwind of maize and soybean fields treated with foliar insecticide applications,” the study says. But the authors go on to note that changes in wind speed and direction mean different sides of a field will experience different levels of insecticide exposure. The preponderance of pest insects also varies from year to year, meaning shifting insecticide application levels also must factor into how scientists estimate the impact on monarchs.
Krishnan also noted the study did not examine insecticide seed coatings and effects on different monarch life stages, which should be the subject of future research to paint a more complete picture of monarch conservation efforts.
Joel Coats, a Distinguished Professor of Entomology at Iowa State, and Steven Bradbury, a professor of natural resource ecology and management, contributed to the publication. Other coauthors include Yang Zhang at the Beijing Great-Agri Institute of Pesticide Technology; as well as Keith Bidne and Richard Hellmich, both of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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