A new study in the journal Biological Conservation has documented Nigeria’s staggering role in trafficking of wild pangolins, the anteater-like mammal whose scales are used in traditional Chinese medicines; all international commercial trade in pangolins and their parts is illegal.
Scientists from Cambridge University, IUCN’s Pangolin Specialist Group, Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and other groups worked with Nigerian law enforcement to characterize and quantify Nigeria’s involvement in pangolin trafficking. In addition to reported seizures, they gathered data from seized pangolin scales which they reported to have been harvested from the four African pangolin species. They found that a total of 190,407 kg (418,775 pounds) of pangolin derivatives (99.9 percent scales) were trafficked between 2010 to September 2021, representing an estimated 800,000 to nearly a million animals. But as large as those numbers seem, the authors say that the actual amount of pangolins traded can be orders of magnitude higher.
Said lead author Charles Emogor of Cambridge’s Department of Zoology and a WCS Harry Schwarz Conservation Scholar: “The figures in our research suggest there may be a gross underestimation of the scale of pangolin trafficking in Nigeria and indeed Africa as a whole, which could translate into mismatched anti-trafficking policies.”
Said Andrew Dunn, director of WCS’s Nigeria Program and a co-author of the study: “We already know the global trade in pangolins is huge but for the first time this paper documents the role played by Nigeria in global pangolin trafficking.”
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) has prohibited all commercial trans-national trade in pangolin specimens since 2017. However, African pangolins are continually trafficked to Asia for traditional medicine, with Nigeria considered a key hub.
According to the study, all shipments confiscated in transit were destined for Asia, with a rapid increase in the mass of maritime shipments over time. The authors found that Nigeria’s law enforcement efforts improved from 2017, the same year Nigeria apparently began playing a hub role.
Additionally, the impact of pangolin’s CITES Appendix I listing on pangolin trafficking was unclear, as the marked rise in seizures from 2017 when the listing became effective, coincided with improvements in Nigerian law enforcement efforts. However, it is apparent from the detected and reported trafficking cases that the listing of pangolins in CITES Appendix I did not stop the illegal trade, and much more needs to be done. Importantly, the study also shows that COVID-19–induced travel restrictions likely reduced trafficking activities in 2020 which may have resumed in 2021, through creating a unique avenue for improved law enforcement efforts to intercept pangolin shipments that may have been stockpiled.
To reduce pangolin trafficking, the authors recommend the following based on the study’s findings:
- Nigerian Customs Service (and similar enforcement agencies in other pangolin range countries) should, in its mandate, prioritize detection and interception of illegally traded wildlife derivatives as well as training of its law enforcement personnel in illegal wildlife trade detection and documentation.
- Pangolin range countries should take active steps to monitor the trade and ensure proper documentation of seizures and effective prosecutions. Establishing and regularly updating a national seizure database would be useful next steps.
- Wildlife laws in pangolin range countries must be fully enforced, with emphasis placed on apprehending and prosecuting traffickers, which will deter other traffickers. (The authors note their study has shown that CITES listings alone do not halt trafficking; enforcement action must complement these listings.)
- More research should be dedicated to understanding pangolin scale sourcing and supply chains, and in particular the relative roles of the commercial trade and local consumption in motivating pangolin poaching and/or hunting.
- Governments of implicated African countries – especially Nigeria – should strengthen law enforcement efforts at key seaports, invest in inspection equipment such as scanners and sniffer dogs, increase the number of inspection staff at borders, and prioritize intelligence-gathering operations (in collaboration with relevant national agencies and non-government organizations).
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WCS (Wildlife Conservation Society)
MISSION: WCS saves wildlife and wild places worldwide through science, conservation action, education, and inspiring people to value nature. To achieve our mission, WCS, based at the Bronx Zoo, harnesses the power of its Global Conservation Program in nearly 60 nations and in all the world’s oceans and its five wildlife parks in New York City, visited by 4 million people annually. WCS combines its expertise in the field, zoos, and aquarium to achieve its conservation mission. Visit: newsroom.wcs.org Follow: @WCSNewsroom. For more information: 347-840-1242.
