Social scientists have urged policy-makers and governments to rethink how income inequality is measured.
In a new study published in Nature Human Behaviour, researchers from the University of Exeter Business School, Harvard Business School, and the University of Bremen, found that policy-makers looking to address income inequality would be better off becoming more systematic about how to measure inequality and going beyond the most commonly used metric, the ‘Gini coefficient’.
The Gini coefficient is the most widely-used metric for understanding inequality, used by governments and statistics bureaus around the world and commonly cited in news media and policy discussions.
But according to the authors, the metric is not the most effective at measuring certain aspects of income inequality because it condenses a lot of information into a single parameter.
As a result of this shortcoming, the measure is unable to distinguish where on the income spectrum inequality is most concentrated.
Co-author Professor Jon M. Jachimowicz of the Harvard Business School explained: “If you look at the Bronx in New York and neighboring Westchester County, both have high inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient, but the Bronx’s inequality is driven predominantly by a difference between low-income and medium-to-high earners, whereas inequality in Westchester is mostly driven by the super-rich.
“If we devised policy to address inequality based solely on the Gini, we would treat the Bronx and Westchester the same. But that may not be the right thing to do.”
The researchers analysed around 3,000 US county-level income distributions – covering over 97% of the US – using 17 different models for measuring income inequality.
They found a metric comprised of two separate variables called the “Ortega parameters” outperformed the single parameter Gini co-efficient model in this dataset.
The researchers said this is because each Ortega parameter focuses on a different aspect of income distribution: the first captures income distribution between low-income earners and medium-to-high income earners, while the second captures the extent to which super-high earners compare to the rest.
An advantage of having obtained an accurate metric for measuring inequality in a given dataset is that it can reveal new insights about the relationship between inequality and policy outcomes, according to the authors.
For example, measuring inequality using the Gini co-efficient the researchers found no correlation with obesity or educational outcomes.
But using the Ortega parameters, they found links between greater ‘bottom-concentrated inequality’ (the difference between low-income and medium-to-high income earners) and more obesity and a lower share of the population having a degree.
Areas with higher top-concentrated inequality (the difference between super-high earners and the rest) were in contrast associated with less obesity and a greater share of the population having degrees.
The paper could have far reaching implications for economic research and policymakers alike.
Professor Oliver Hauser, Associate Professor of Economics at the University of Exeter Business School said: “One way to understand the diverging beliefs about inequality and preferences for redistribution may be to focus on what kind of inequality people are most dissatisfied with.”
“This becomes clearer when discussing potential measures taken to redress inequality. For example, reducing top-concentrated economic inequality could be achieved by raising top income taxes, and reducing bottom-concentrated may involve raising the minimum wage.”
“Our approach and findings suggest that moving beyond the overall concentration of inequality as reflected in the Gini coefficient may be fruitful in both pinpointing how different kinds of inequality affect outcomes and how to make meaningful change to redress inequality.”
“Measuring Inequality Beyond the Gini Coefficient May Clarify Conflicting Findings” co-authored by Ph.D. candidate Kristin Blesch, Professor Oliver Hauser, and Professor Jon M. Jachimowicz is published in Nature Human Behaviour.
