Starting in 2035, the European Union (EU) will prohibit the sale of internal combustion engine vehicles powered by gasoline or diesel, except for newly manufactured cars that utilize electrofuels (e-fuels)*. In this regard, a breakthrough has been achieved nationally with the development of a microchannel reactor** that can produce electrofuels comparable to diesel. This innovative technology not only converts carbon dioxide into diesel-like fuels, making it a viable solution for future international fuel standards, but also holds promise for various industries requiring heat management, including electrofuel production and ammonia synthesis.
* Electrofuels: Electrofuels, also known as e-fuels, are manufactured using green hydrogen (renewable hydrogen) obtained through electrolysis using renewable energy, together with carbon dioxide captured from the air. Considered as “clean fuels,” electrofuels are expected to contribute to the reduction of carbon emissions in the transportation sector.
** Microchannel reactor: A microchannel reactor is a reactor composed of very small channels, and is a highly efficient system that performs chemical reactions through these channels. This reactor facilitates the efficient transfer of heat.
The research team led by Principal Researcher Young Kim from the Heat Pump Research Center of the Research Institute of Carbon-neutral Energy Machinery of the Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (President Seog-Hyeon Ryu, hereinafter referred to as KIMM) has successfully developed a highly efficient microchannel reactor which reduces the required catalyst amount to 30 percent for electrofuel production, yet offers a capacity 30 times greater than current reactors. This reactor is safe at high temperature and pressure and is easy to remove heat, so the temperature setting is flexible, making it advantageous for e-fuel production.
The production of electrofuels involves synthesizing green hydrogen with carbon dioxide, a process that generates significant amount of heat. Consequently, a crucial technology is needed to effectively dissipate this heat. The reactor developed by the KIMM employs a novel approach of fusing plates with a layered microchannel structure through a high-temperature method rather than using adhesives. This design enables the reactor to excellently manage heat, even at elevated temperatures.
The electrofuels generated using the reactor created by the KIMM’s research team exhibit a cetane index* of 55.7, satisfying the domestic requirement for vehicle diesel, which mandates a cetane index of at least 52. This index aligns closely with the cetane numbers of diesel sold by Korean refineries, typically ranging from 54 to 57.
* Cetane index: Cetane index is an indicator of the combustion performance of diesel fuels, and is used for calculating how easily the fuel is ignited in the diesel engine. The higher the cetane index, the faster and easier the fuel ignites in the engine.
Conventionally, slurry reactors or fluidized bed reactors (FBRs) are used when excessive heat is generated during the fuel synthesis process, but these are effective in large-scale production. As the amount of hydrogen produced from the surplus power in decentralized renewable power plants is relatively small, applying a large-sized reactor has the disadvantage of inhibiting economic efficiency.
Leveraging the existing technology for microchannel heat exchangers, the KIMM’s research team has engineered a compact, highly efficient microchannel reactor. During testing, it was confirmed that 93 percent of the synthetic gas was converted into fuel. The development of a production process for electrofuels, compact enough to fit within a cargo container, could eventually lead to the establishment of eco-friendly fuel stations dispensing electrofuels.
Principal Researcher Young Kim of the KIMM was quoted as saying, “The superior heat management capabilities of this new technology allow it to swiftly adapt to variations in the supply of intermittently stored renewable energies, such as solar or wind power.” Kim further stated, “In anticipation of future scenarios with surplus renewable energy supplies, our team is committed to enhancing the economic viability of renewable energy production and improving power grid stability through the application of sophisticated power demand management technologies.”
Meanwhile, this research was facilitated by the project for the “development of a microchannel reactor for power-to-fuel systems,” one of the basic projects of the KIMM.
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The Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM) is a non-profit government-funded research institute under the Ministry of Science and ICT. Since its foundation in 1976, KIMM is contributing to economic growth of the nation by performing R&D on key technologies in machinery and materials, conducting reliability test evaluation, and commercializing the developed products and technologies.
This research was facilitated by the project for the “development of a microchannel reactor for power-to-fuel systems,” one of the basic projects of the KIMM.
