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Pathophysiology of Hyperhomocysteinemia and Relation to Heavy Metal Exposure
Hyperhomocysteinemia is commonly caused by folate, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, and/or vitamin B2 deficiencies due to either nutritional inadequacies or genetic predisposition.3 However, a number of other factors can influence or exacerbate hyperhomocysteinemia including impaired renal function3 and lifestyle-related factors such as smoking and coffee drinking.8 Two emerging and increasingly relevant determinants are environmental factors such as air pollution and toxic metal exposure. In a recent
Potential Competing Interests
The authors report no competing interests.
Acknowledgments
The contents of this work are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health.