Years of work by developmental biologists from Trinity College Dublin, working with colleagues at the University of Edinburgh’s MRC Human Genetics Unit, has yielded a resource of unparalleled detail that will help researchers assess how key genes control the differentiation of tissues and organs of developing embryos.
The collaborative team, which has just published the landmark work in leading international journal, Development, analysed these key genes, their communication links, and their impacts in the 3D space of the mouse embryo across multiple stages of development.
We sat down with Professor Paula Murphy, from Trinity’s School of Natural Sciences, to find out more about the research and its wider implications.
What leap forward has this work taken?
“Certain genes and gene networks play an important role in determining how an embryo develops, how different cell types (muscle, bone, neuron) form, and where organs appear. For a few decades now, using molecular biology techniques, we could discover where and when one of these ‘Wnt genes’ is switched on, helping us to understand how it operates in guiding embryonic development (see Figure 1).
“The technique would have to be performed for each gene individually to get a ‘snapshot’ of where it is expressed in 3D embryo space at a particular time. What we have managed to achieve here is the difficult task of mapping these spatial data snapshots for many genes, integrating and comparing where each gene is switched on within the developing embryo (Figure 1). Developing the tools to be able to do this was a major achievement for our computational biology colleagues at the Edinburgh Mouse Atlas project.”
Were you surprised by anything you discovered?
“This approach allowed us to make a number of discoveries that would not have been possible without integrating (mapping) all of the patterns. For example, we could reveal where the pathway is silent because one or other of the components is not activated.
“Probably the most novel finding was that there are ‘hot spots’ in the embryo where very many of these genes are turned on together (see Figure 2). Some of these hot spots are known to be the location of important groups of cells that guide development, but some were previously unknown and reveal previously invisible signalling centres in the embryo.”
What other research question(s) can developmental biologists now ask?
“Accompanying this publication, we have made all of the raw and mapped data freely available, as well as the tools for visualising them so that any developmental biologist can ask questions about this cell communication system in any part of the embryo. For example, colleagues interested in kidney development or brain development can delve in detail into the system components switched on in that part of the embryo.
“We and others can now also use these data to ask questions about how the system has evolved. For example, there are 19 very similar genes in a mouse and a human. These multiple genes have arisen by gene duplication a very long time ago. We can now examine how the genes have diverged, each taking on unique functions during development of a complex multicellular embryo.”
What are the next steps for your team?
“We are currently carrying out focused analysis of the integrated data set in the developing limb buds to understand better how the cell communication system operates in the limb. We also look forward to seeing how the data will be used by colleagues with different specialist interests to further our understanding of all developing systems.”
This work was supported by Science Foundation Ireland, the Medical Research Council and the Irish Research Council. For more information about the work, you can read the published journal article on the Development website.
