The most up-to-date data on registered medical cannabis use found that enrollment in medical cannabis programs increased overall between 2016 and 2022, but enrollment in states where nonmedical use of cannabis became legal saw a decrease in enrollment. Combined with the data from a previously published analysis, the number of patients using cannabis for medical purposes has increased more than 600 percent since 2016. The study is published in Annals of Internal Medicine.
Cannabis is legal for medical or nonmedical adult use in 38 and 23 states, respectively. However, it remains a schedule I substance under the Controlled Substances Act. This status has inhibited research on its health effects and disincentivized many physicians from pursuing education related to or treating patients who use cannabis. Recently, the Department of Health and Human Services recommended that cannabis be rescheduled to schedule III. Before this potential shift occurs, it is important to understand the current landscape of medical and nonmedical cannabis use and authorization.
Researchers from University of Michigan Medical School and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention conducted an ecological study with repeated measures of persons with medical cannabis licenses and clinicians authorizing cannabis licenses in the United States between 2020 and 2022. The authors included 39 jurisdictions (38 states and Washington, D.C.) that allowed for medical cannabis use in their analysis. Of these jurisdictions, 34 reported patient numbers, 19 reported patient-reported qualifying conditions, and 29 reported authorizing clinician numbers. Overall, they reported a 33 percent increase in patient enrollment in these jurisdictions between 2020 (3.1 million) and 2022 (4.1 million). However, within the 15 jurisdictions with active adult use laws, 13 had decreasing enrollment. From 2020-2022, the proportion of patient-reported qualifying conditions with substantial or conclusive evidence of therapeutic value decreased from 70.4 to 53.8 percent. The most reported qualifying condition was chronic pain, followed by anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. The authors report that there were 29,500 clinicians who authorized medical cannabis in 2022, and the most common specialty of these clinicians was internal or family medicine. According to the authors, their findings highlight the need for better surveillance methods to adequately understand outcomes of medical cannabis use and thoughtful strategies and public health efforts to reduce harms from increased cannabis availability.
Media contacts: For an embargoed PDF, please contact Angela Collom at acollom@acponline.org. To speak with the corresponding author, Kevin F. Boehnke, PhD, please email kboehnke@med.umich.edu.
