In Peatland Soil, a Warmer Climate and Elevated Carbon Dioxide Rapidly Alter Soil Organic Matter

The Science

Soils in northern freshwater wetlands, called peatlands, are cold, water-saturated, and acidic. These conditions slow microbes’ decomposition of organic matter into greenhouse gases. This process stores carbon in the soil. Researchers use the Spruce and Peatland Responses Under Changing Environments (SPRUCE) experiment to warm air and soil in a northern Minnesota bog to simulate the effects of climate change on the carbon cycle. In this study, the researchers tested whether different components of the organic matter in soil would degrade at different rates in response to climate change. Surprisingly, the experiments showed that all organic soil components can break down more quickly in warmer conditions.

The Impact

Peatlands store one-third of global soil carbon. While these ecosystems have sequestered carbon for millennia, climate change threatens to destabilize the “carbon bank” of peatland soils. These results demonstrate that the vast, deep carbon stores in peatlands are vulnerable to microbial decomposition that fuels greenhouse production in response to warming. The experiments also show that elevated carbon dioxide combined with warming could result in larger amounts of degradable substances produced by plants that in turn support microbes that produce greenhouse gases. This could compound climate change.

Summary

Northern peatlands store approximately one-third of Earth’s terrestrial soil organic carbon due to their cold, water-saturated, and acidic conditions, which slow decomposition. To learn more, researchers leveraged the SPRUCE experiment, where scientists can combine air and peat warming in a whole-ecosystem warming treatment. Peatlands build carbon stocks over centuries, but rising temperatures and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations rapidly changed the equilibrium at SPRUCE within a 4-year timescale, highlighting the vulnerability of these carbon-rich ecosystems to global climate change. 

In the past, scientists suggested that complex components of plant-derived soil organic matter (SOM), such as lignins, may degrade faster than simpler SOM components with climate change. However, the current study rejected the hypothesis that complex SOM molecules are more responsive to temperature changes than less chemically complex carbon components of soil. Instead, the researchers found that all molecular compounds comprising SOM, regardless of source and complexity, are vulnerable to shifts in climate drivers. Further, they observed increases in root-derived carbon compounds under elevated carbon dioxide conditions suggesting that warming and higher carbon dioxide levels may shift the peatland carbon budget towards pools with faster turnover. Together, these results indicate that climate change may increase inputs of more reactive carbon compounds from plants and enhance the decomposition of SOM, a process known as ‘priming,’ potentially destabilizing carbon storage in peatlands.

Contact

Boris Wawrik, Program Manager
Department of Energy Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research
Boris.wawrik@science.doe.gov

Dan Stover, Program Manager
Department of Energy Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research
Daniel.Stover@science.doe.gov 

Joel E. Kostka
Georgia Institute of Technology 
joel.kostka@biology.gatech.edu

Avni Malhotra
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
avni.malhotra@pnnl.gov

Funding

This research was funded by the Department of Energy Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, under the Terrestrial Ecosystem Science, Genomic Sciences, and Environmental System Science programs. Funding was also provided by the University of Zurich Stiftung für Wissenschaftliche Forschung, the Swiss National Science Foundation.

Publications

Ofiti, N.O., et al., Climate warming and elevated CO2 alter peatland soil carbon sources and stability. Nature Communications, 14, 1, (2023). [DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43410-z]