Compound May Prevent Arrhythmia Caused by Medicines

STONY BROOK, NY, May 18, 2021 – A national team of researchers including Ira S. Cohen, MD, PhD, of the Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, has identified a compound that prevents the lengthening of the heart’s electrical event, or action potential, which can cause a lengthening of the EKG’s Q-T interval and a dangerous and sometimes deadly arrhythmia called Torsades de Pointes. Many drugs that are effective against cancer, infections and other diseases, can induce a lengthening of the heart’s action potential as an adverse side effect, thus rendering these drugs unsafe or with risks outweighing their benefits for patients. This discovery may lead to a way to halt this dangerous side effect of commonly used drugs. The findings are published this week in PNAS.

According to the American Heart Association, heart arrythmias contribute to about 200,000 to 300,000 sudden deaths a year, more than annual deaths from stroke, lung cancer or breast cancer. The drugs in question, as well as several that have been pulled from the market, cause a prolongation of the QT interval of the ECG (acquired Long Q-T Syndrome).

Through both computational and experimental validation, the research team identified a compound named C28. They found that C28 not only prevents or reverses Q-T prolongation, it also does not cause any change on the normal action potential when used alone. The research demonstrates a significant step toward safer use and expanded therapeutic efficacy of certain medicines when taken in combination with C28.

“These findings could prove ground-breaking in the effort to make some cancer drugs safer and bring other drugs back into the marketplace,” says Dr. Cohen, a Distinguished SUNY Professor in the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Director of the Institute for Molecular Cardiology. “With many of these medications, there is a concentration of the drug that is acceptable, but at higher doses, it become dangerous. If C28 can eliminate the danger of QT prolongation, then these drugs can be used at higher concentrations, and in many cases, they can become more therapeutic.”

Dr. Cohen, a renowned electrophysiologist, discovered components related to Long QT syndrome and has been researching the issue for decades in his Stony Brook laboratory.

He discovered the steady state Na current as well as its slowly inactivating component. Together, these two currents are called persistent Na current. In collaboration with Richard Lin, MD, and Zhongju Lu MD, PhD, he demonstrated that the persistent sodium current is a major cause of the dangerous Q-T prolongation in acquired Long Q-T syndrome.

His lab includes investigations into the structure and function of potassium ion channels in the heart, initial research that has helped lead the research team to the identification of C28.

Jianmin Cui, PhD, co-author, head of the research team and Professor of Biomedical Engineering in the McKelvey School of Engineering in Washington University in St. Louis, worked previously with Dr. Cohen on cardiac arrhythmias as a graduate student at Stony Brook University from 1986-1994.

The research team also includes Xiaoqin Zou, PhD, Professor of physics, biochemistry, and a member of the Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center and Institute for Data Science and Informatics at the University of Missouri-Columbia.

 

The Methodology

The team selected a specific target, I_Ks, for this latest work because it is one of the two potassium channels that are activated during the action potential: I_Kr (rapid) and I_Ks (slow).

They wanted to determine if the prolongation of the QT interval could be prevented by compensating for the change in current that induces the Long QT Syndrome by enhancing I_Ks. They identified a site on the voltage-sensing domain of the I_Ks potassium ion channel that could be accessed by small molecules.

Zou and colleagues used the atomic structure of the KCNQ1 unit of the I_Ks channel protein to computationally screen a library of a quarter of a million small compounds that targeted this voltage-sensing domain of the KCNQ1 protein unit. To do this, they developed software called MDock to test the interaction of small compounds with a specific protein in silico, or computationally. One by one, Zou and her lab docked the potential compounds with the protein KCNQ1 and compared the binding energy of each one. They selected about 50 candidates with very negative, or tight, binding energies. Cui and his lab then identified C28 using experiments out of the 50 candidates identified in silico by Zou’s lab.

Dr. Cohen and colleagues tested the C28 compound in ventricular myocytes from a small mammal model that expresses the same I_Ks channel as humans. They found that C28 could prevent or reverse the drug-induced prolongation of the electrical signals across the cardiac cell membrane and minimally affected the normal action potentials at the same dosage. They also determined that there were no significant effects on atrial muscle cells, an important control for the drug’s potential use.

While the researchers emphasize that C28 needs additional verification and testing, there is tremendous potential for this compound or others like it to help change cancer therapeutics as well as turn second line drugs into first-line drugs and return others previously taken off the market because of Q-T prolongation back onto the market.

This research was supported by multiple grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), including two to Dr. Cohen (R01 HL126774, R01 DK108989); and NIH grants  R01 GM109980 and R35GM136409, and from the American Heart Association (13GRNT16990076).

###